비비 하눔 영묘

Timur commissioned the congregational mosque of Samarkand, now known as the Bibi Khanym Mosque, after his Indian campaign, and ICOMOS dates it to 1399-1405^2,4. Across the road his chief wife, the Chinggisid Saray Mulk Khanum, built a madrasa; the two main entrances faced each other on the new trading street from the Iron Gate to the bazaar at the Registan⁴. Returning in the autumn of 1404, Timur found his mosque’s portal lower than hers and ordered it rebuilt, and late in 1404 he stayed at her madrasa while supervising the work⁴. The Castilian envoy Ruy González de Clavijo, who saw the work, described the mosque as built in memory of the mother of Timur’s wife, the Great Khanum⁶.

Archnet describes the domed tomb as built for Saray Mulk Khanum, and Leiden dates it to the early 15th century^3,5. Abdullah Khan II of Bukhara destroyed the madrasa at the end of the 16th century, leaving only the mausoleum⁴. P. Zakhidov held that the queen was buried in her madrasa, but the female burials found in the mausoleum in 2005 are of a later date⁴. The octagonal building had been reduced to ruins; in 2005-6, before Samarkand’s 2750th anniversary in 2007, it was given a new dome on a high drum and rebuilt facades with arched portals⁵. UNESCO names the Bibi-Khanum Mosque and Mausoleum among the major monuments of the World Heritage property¹.

The mausoleum is an octagonal domed building; its dome on a tall drum and its facades with arched portals date from 2005-6, and Leiden calls the new dome ‘pseudo-Timurid’⁵. In a study of 1950, Sh. E. Ratiia reconstructed the madrasa as a four-iwan building on the scale of the mosque, with the tomb in the middle of its southern side; Zakhidov objected that such a plan would run beyond the city wall, and Paskaleva concludes that the madrasa was much smaller, with the tomb most likely on its long axis⁴. Mosque and madrasa formed a kosh, two buildings facing each other across a square, a layout known in Samarkand since the 11th century⁴. During the works for the 2007 anniversary the outer wall of the vanished madrasa was built up above ground in modern brick, marking the presumed position of its corner towers⁵.

The dome seen from inside dates from the work of 2005-6, which gave the ruined octagon a new dome on a high drum⁵. Paskaleva notes that female burials were found in the mausoleum in 2005 and that they are of a later date than the time of Saray Mulk Khanum⁴.